{"id":10309,"date":"2022-12-09T12:53:49","date_gmt":"2022-12-09T12:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/?p=10309"},"modified":"2024-07-03T12:25:17","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T12:25:17","slug":"brzdovy-kotouc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/cs\/articles\/brzdovy-kotouc\/","title":{"rendered":"Brzdov\u00fd kotou\u010d"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Brzdov\u00fd kotou\u010d je jednou z hlavn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kotou\u010dov\u00fdch brzd. Nej\u010dast\u011bji m\u00e1 tvar tal\u00ed\u0159e, okraj tohoto tal\u00ed\u0159e tvo\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00ed t\u0159ec\u00ed plochu zachyt\u00e1vanou brzdov\u00fdmi desti\u010dkami<\/strong>. Brzdov\u00fd kotou\u010d je pevn\u011b spojen s n\u00e1bojem kola a ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed se tedy spole\u010dn\u011b s cel\u00fdm kolem. Na prstencovou t\u0159ec\u00ed plochu brzdov\u00e9ho kotou\u010de dosedaj\u00ed t\u0159ec\u00ed segmenty v podob\u011b brzdov\u00fdch desti\u010dek. Brzdov\u00e9 desti\u010dky jsou um\u00edst\u011bny v brzdov\u00e9m t\u0159menu, kter\u00fd se s kolem neot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed a je pevn\u011b spojen s t\u011bhlic\u00ed kola. Sev\u0159en\u00edm brzdov\u00e9ho kotou\u010de vznik\u00e1 t\u0159ec\u00ed s\u00edla, kter\u00e1 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje pohybovou energii jedouc\u00edho vozidla na energii tepelnou.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nngg_shortcode_0_placeholder\n

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Materi\u00e1ly brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed materi\u00e1l brzdov\u00e9ho kotou\u010de m\u00e1 n\u00edzkou hustotu, kter\u00e1 ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdslednou hmotnost brzd, vysokou tepelnou vodivost a minim\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u010dinitel teplotn\u00ed rozta\u017enosti. Pro p\u0159edstavu si prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed tabulku materi\u00e1l\u016f:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
MATERI\u00c1L<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nHUSTOTA<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n[kg.m-3<\/sup>]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		TEPELN\u00c1 VODIVOST<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n[W.m-1<\/sup>.K-1<\/sup>]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		SOU\u010cINITEL TEPLOTN\u00cd ROZTA\u017dNOSTI<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n[x106<\/sup>.K-1<\/sup>]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0160ed\u00e1 litina (3,4% C)<\/span><\/td>\n7800<\/span><\/td>\n62<\/span><\/td>\n10-13<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Al-MMC<\/span><\/td>\n2700<\/span><\/td>\n182<\/span><\/td>\n18-25<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Keramika + uhl\u00edkov\u00fd kompozit<\/span><\/td>\n1700<\/span><\/td>\n300<\/span><\/td>\n0,1-1,5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
 <\/div>\n

V praxi jsou brzdov\u00e9 kotou\u010de nej\u010dast\u011bji vyr\u00e1b\u011bny z temperovan\u00e9 litiny nebo ocelolitiny<\/strong>. Litina je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na z d\u016fvodu lep\u0161\u00ed metalurgick\u00e9 stability, snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdroby a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdrobn\u00edch n\u00e1klad\u016f. Kv\u016fli vylep\u0161en\u00ed materi\u00e1lov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed leguj\u00edc\u00ed prvky nap\u0159. molybden, m\u011b\u010f, chrom nebo titan. Za pomoci t\u011bchto prvk\u016f dosahuje v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 slitina optim\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed homogenn\u00ed struktury a lep\u0161\u00edch teplotn\u00edch parametr\u016f. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 ocelolitinov\u00e9 kotou\u010de ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svoji \u00fa\u010dinnost p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b od 800 \u00b0C, n\u00e1sledn\u011b za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed brzdy vlivem p\u0159eh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed tzv. vadnout (fading). P\u0159eh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed brzd m\u00e1 negativn\u00ed vliv i na jejich nadm\u011brn\u011b opot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou zkroucen\u00ed brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00edm \u010dast\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem ocelolitinov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f je rychl\u00e1 povrchov\u00e1 koroze t\u0159ec\u00edch ploch p\u0159i odstaven\u00ed vozidla. <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1zek brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f p\u0159evzat z topnahradnidily24.cz<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Na opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u00f3lu trhu jsou kompozitn\u00ed kotou\u010de pro sportovn\u00ed a luxusn\u00ed vozy vyroben\u00e9 z ocelokeramiky nebo je\u0161t\u011b l\u00e9pe karbonkeramiky<\/strong>. Takov\u00e9 brzdov\u00e9 disky maj\u00ed vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 a mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti \u2013 nevadnou. Keramick\u00e1 slo\u017eka zaji\u0161\u0165uje nadpr\u016fm\u011brnou \u017eivotnost i tepelnou odolnost. V kombinaci s karbonovou matric\u00ed maj\u00ed takov\u00e9 disky velmi malou tepelnou rozta\u017enost a velmi n\u00edzkou m\u011brnou hmotnost (brzdov\u00fd kotou\u010d je zpravidla sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed neodpru\u017een\u00fdch hmot proto je n\u00edzk\u00e1 hmotnost d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1). D\u00edky vysok\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 vodivosti jsou keramick\u00e9 kotou\u010de velmi odoln\u00e9 proti p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel jejich hlavn\u00ed nev\u00fdhoda je zna\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00e1 cena i sklony k p\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed za studena. P\u016fvodn\u011b byl toti\u017e tento typ brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f vyvinut pro z\u00e1vodn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely a optim\u00e1ln\u00edho brzdn\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu dosahuj\u00ed p\u0159i provozn\u00edch teplot\u00e1ch a\u017e kolem 200 \u00b0C, co\u017e je pro b\u011b\u017enou j\u00edzdu nepou\u017eiteln\u00e9. \u017divotnost karbonkeramick\u00fdch brzd je ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s klasick\u00fdmi brzdami mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b del\u0161\u00ed, ale ne do\u017eivotn\u00ed, jak \u010dasto sl\u00fdch\u00e1me. P\u0159i zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159izovac\u00ed ceny je jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed vhodn\u00e9 sp\u00ed\u0161e pro okruhov\u00e9 je\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\nngg_shortcode_1_placeholder\n

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Chlazen\u00ed brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Brzdov\u00e9 kotou\u010de lze rozd\u011blit na neodv\u011btr\u00e1van\u00e9 a odv\u011btr\u00e1van\u00e9<\/strong>. Odv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kotou\u010d\u016f zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed axi\u00e1ln\u00ed otvory, dr\u00e1\u017eky nebo vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u017eebra, viz obr\u00e1zky naho\u0159e. Dobr\u00e9 chlazen\u00ed brzd m\u00e1 vliv na jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost a odolnost proti vadnut\u00ed p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" <\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Neodv\u011btr\u00e1van\u00e9 kotou\u010de<\/strong> jsou standartn\u00edm vybaven\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161iny vozidel. Jsou v\u00fdrobn\u011b nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed, a tedy i nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Maj\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed sty\u010dnou plochu pro brzdov\u00e9 desti\u010dky, na druhou stranu jsou n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na p\u0159eh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed (zap\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed) a vadnut\u00ed brzdov\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Odv\u011btr\u00e1van\u00e9 \u2013 vrtan\u00e9 kotou\u010de<\/strong> se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm otvor\u016f proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch skrz brzdnou plochu. Podstata vrt\u00e1n\u00ed otvor\u016f v kotou\u010d\u00edch je zajistit cestu pro rychlej\u0161\u00ed odvod tepla. Plyn nahromad\u011bn\u00fd b\u011bhem brzd\u011bn\u00ed je schopen unikat vyvrtan\u00fdmi otvory a nen\u00ed zachycen mezi povrchem kotou\u010d\u016f a desti\u010dek. To hraje z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roly pro p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 vyh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed desti\u010dek a vadnut\u00ed brzd p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei. Vrtan\u00e9 kotou\u010de jsou rovn\u011b\u017e o n\u011bco leh\u010d\u00ed. Na druhou stranu otvory oslabuj\u00ed konstrukci disku, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke vniku trhlin. Vrtan\u00e9 kotou\u010de \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed jako struhadlo, proto o n\u011bco v\u00edc opot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed brzdov\u00e9 desti\u010dky.<\/span><\/p>\n

Odv\u011btr\u00e1van\u00e9 \u2013 dr\u00e1\u017ekovan\u00e9 kotou\u010de<\/strong> se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed dr\u00e1\u017ekami na povrchu t\u0159ec\u00edch ploch. Dr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1n\u00ed odv\u00e1d\u00ed prach z brzdov\u00fdch desti\u010dek a zabra\u0148uje jejich sp\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159i brzd\u011bn\u00ed b\u00fdvaj\u00ed dr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e9 kotou\u010de hlu\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Dr\u00e1\u017ekov\u00e1n\u00ed rovn\u011b\u017e slou\u017e\u00ed jako indik\u00e1tor opot\u0159eben\u00ed kotou\u010d\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Odv\u011btr\u00e1van\u00e9 \u2013 kotou\u010de s vnit\u0159n\u00edm chlazen\u00edm<\/strong> se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed spir\u00e1lov\u00fdm labyrintem, kter\u00fd jakoby spojuje dvojici kotou\u010d\u016f. Kotou\u010d v\u0161ak tvo\u0159\u00ed jeden celek. P\u0159i rotaci brzdov\u00e9ho kotou\u010de spir\u00e1lov\u011b tvarovan\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed kan\u00e1lky zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu, kter\u00e9 efektivn\u011b odv\u00e1d\u00ed teplo s brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodou je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee kotou\u010de s vnit\u0159n\u00edm chlazen\u00edm jsou konstruk\u010dn\u011b \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed, maj\u00ed tak v\u011b\u0161\u00ed ohybovou pevnost a jsou tedy m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 tvarov\u00e9 zkroucen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Konstrukce brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Pevn\u00e9 brzdov\u00e9 kotou\u010de <\/strong>\u2013 jsou vyrobeny z jednoho kusu, do t\u00e9to kategorie spad\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f. V\u00fdhodou konstrukce z jednoho celku je mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed i v\u00fdrobn\u00ed jednoduchost, tzn. v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 n\u00edzk\u00e1 cena. Nev\u00fdhodou je mimo jin\u00e9 vliv teplotn\u00ed rozta\u017enosti, kter\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pevn\u00e9ho kotou\u010de zp\u016fsobuje vnit\u0159n\u00ed pnut\u00ed po cel\u00e9m kotou\u010di. V\u00fdsledkem teplotn\u00edho pnut\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt trval\u00e9 zkroucen\u00ed kotou\u010de. Dal\u0161\u00ed nev\u00fdhodou je p\u0159estup tepla z kotou\u010de na n\u00e1boj kola a jeho lo\u017eiska, co\u017e sni\u017euje jejich \u017eivotnost. \u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b lze tomuto p\u0159edej\u00edt pou\u017eit\u00edm hrncovit\u00e9ho tvaru kotou\u010de, kdy se prodlou\u017e\u00ed cesta tepla do st\u0159edu kotou\u010de.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a> \"\"<\/a> \"\"<\/a> \"\" <\/a><\/p>\n

D\u011blen\u00e9 brzdov\u00e9 kotou\u010de<\/strong> \u2013 jsou sice konstruk\u010dn\u011b slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale maj\u00ed jednu velkou v\u00fdhodu, mohou kombinovat dva rozd\u00edln\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jeliko\u017e jsou rozd\u011bleny na dv\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti \u2013 na v\u011bnec a una\u0161e\u010d. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u011bnec m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vyroben\u00fd z temperovan\u00e9 litiny s vysok\u00fdm obsahem uhl\u00edku a una\u0161e\u010d vykovan\u00fd ze speci\u00e1ln\u00ed hlin\u00edkov\u00e9 slitiny. D\u00edky vhodn\u00e9 kombinaci konstruk\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f je v\u00fdsledn\u00fd brdov\u00fd kotou\u010d nejen leh\u010d\u00ed, ale zejm\u00e9na umo\u017e\u0148uje podstatn\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed odvod tepla.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a> \"\"<\/a> \"\" <\/a><\/p>\n

V\u011bnec a rotor mohou b\u00fdt spojeny plovouc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. Litinov\u00fd v\u011bnec se m\u016f\u017ee v\u016f\u010di rotoru m\u00edrn\u011b pohybovat v axi\u00e1ln\u00edm sm\u011bru (sm\u011brem ven). D\u00edky tomuto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed maj\u00ed dvoud\u00edln\u00e9 kotou\u010de men\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee se zkrout\u00ed nebo prasknou v d\u016fsledku nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodou je \u00faspora n\u00e1klad\u016f v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee m\u011bn\u00edte pouze opot\u0159eben\u00fd litinov\u00fd v\u011bnec.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Teplotn\u00ed nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Teplotn\u00ed nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed brzd je jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch t\u00e9mat p\u0159i konstrukci. U b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f jako je \u0161ed\u00e1 litina b\u00fdv\u00e1 kritick\u00e1 ji\u017e teplota v bl\u00edzkosti 700\u00b0C. Je ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako teplota \u010derven\u00e9ho \u017e\u00e1ru. P\u0159i t\u00e9to teplot\u011b t\u0159ec\u00ed plochy zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00fdch brzdov\u00fdch kotou\u010d\u016f sv\u00edt\u00ed do okol\u00ed jasnou \u010dervenou barvou. Tato teplota nen\u00ed z pevnostn\u00edho hlediska pro \u0161edou litinu probl\u00e9m, jeliko\u017e teplota taven\u00ed je a\u017e 1150 \u00b0C. Probl\u00e9m p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny v materi\u00e1lu, a s t\u00edm spojen\u00fd vznik lok\u00e1ln\u00edch plo\u0161ek s odli\u0161n\u00fdmi vlastnostmi. Takto po\u0161kozen\u00e9 brzdy ztr\u00e1c\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost, \u017eivotnost a p\u0159i brzd\u011bn\u00ed vibruj\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

  <\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 simulaci si m\u016f\u017ee prohl\u00e9dnou rozd\u00edl mezi neodv\u011btr\u00e1van\u00fdmi kotou\u010di a kotou\u010di s chlazen\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

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V\u00edte, \u017ee \u2026?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Kotou\u010de s integrovanou parkovac\u00ed brzdou<\/strong> \u2013 parkovac\u00ed brzda b\u00fdv\u00e1 ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f mechanicky ovl\u00e1dan\u00e1. P\u00e1ka ru\u010dn\u00ed brzdy p\u016fsob\u00ed p\u0159es t\u00e1hlo na brzdov\u00e9 \u010delisti, kter\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed brzdn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b kotou\u010dov\u00fdch brzd takov\u00fd zp\u016fsob pou\u017e\u00edt nelze, resp. by bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch ovl\u00e1dac\u00edch sil. Proto n\u011bkter\u00e9 automobily vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kombinace kotou\u010dov\u00fdch a bubnov\u00fdch brzd. Brzdov\u00fd kotou\u010d tak m\u00e1 t\u0159ec\u00ed plochu pro brzdov\u00e9 desti\u010dky i bubnov\u00e9 \u010delisti (pakny), viz obr\u00e1zek.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Brzdov\u00fd kotou\u010d m\u00e1 zpravidla tvar tal\u00ed\u0159e nebo disku, kter\u00fd je pevn\u011b p\u0159ipojen\u00fd k n\u00e1boji kola a ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed se spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u00edm. 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