Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm d\u016fvodem pro zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed hybridn\u00edch pohon\u016f do automobil\u016f je n\u00edzk\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost spalovac\u00edch motor\u016f.<\/strong> \u00da\u010dinnost dne\u0161n\u00edch spalovac\u00edch motor\u016f se pohybuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b mezi 30 a\u017e 40%. Z\u00e1\u017eehov\u00e9 (benz\u00ednov\u00e9) motory maj\u00ed obecn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinnost sp\u00ed\u0161e ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed na spodn\u00ed hranici p\u00e1sma, vzn\u011btov\u00e9 (dieselov\u00e9) motory jsou na tom o trochu l\u00e9pe. Hodnota \u00fa\u010dinnosti spalovac\u00edch motor\u016f je v\u0161ak z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti d\u00e1na \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho termodynamick\u00e9ho cyklu, ten m\u00e1 jasn\u00e1 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed omezen\u00ed. V budoucnosti se tedy ned\u00e1 o\u010dek\u00e1vat v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vylep\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti klasick\u00fdch spalovac\u00edch motor\u016f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Dal\u0161\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017e je v tom, \u017ee t\u00e9to \u00fa\u010dinnosti spalovac\u00ed motor dos\u00e1hne jen v optim\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m provozu se optim\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek dos\u00e1hne pouze v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b a to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee celkov\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost je je\u0161t\u011b o n\u011bco ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed. Extr\u00e9mn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem je b\u011bh motoru na volnob\u011bh. Motor spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1 palivo, ale p\u0159itom automobil nekon\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dnou pr\u00e1ci, proto\u017ee stoj\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b. Nav\u00edc je spalovac\u00ed motor schopen uspokojiv\u011b pracovat pouze v pom\u011brn\u011b \u00fazk\u00e9m p\u00e1smu ot\u00e1\u010dek. To je tak\u00e9 d\u016fvod, pro\u010d automobil se spalovac\u00edm motorem pot\u0159ebuje p\u0159evodovku.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159evodovky ov\u0161em p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed nezanedbateln\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty, ostatn\u011b jako ka\u017ed\u00fd mechanick\u00fd p\u0159evod. Nav\u00edc m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou jen omezen\u00fd po\u010det rychlostn\u00edch stup\u0148\u016f a to je dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d nem\u016f\u017ee motor pracovat v optim\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch (samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existuj\u00ed i p\u0159evodovky s plynulou zm\u011bnou p\u0159evodov\u00e9ho pom\u011bru<\/a>, ty ale maj\u00ed zase o n\u011bco hor\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Naproti tomu sou\u010dasn\u00e9 elektromotory maj\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost kolem 95%.<\/strong> Nav\u00edc t\u00e9to vysok\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti dosahuj\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9m rozsahu ot\u00e1\u010dek a zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Elektromobil se tedy jev\u00ed jako ide\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Jeho nev\u00fdhodou ale je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e1 hmotnost pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch akumul\u00e1tor\u016f. S t\u00edm souvis\u00ed i mal\u00fd dojezd na jedno nabit\u00ed bateri\u00ed. Nav\u00edc obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 a pomal\u00e9 dob\u00edjen\u00ed bateri\u00ed \u010distokrevn\u00fd elektromobil vy\u0159azuje ze hry.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Hybridn\u00ed pohon (HEV \u2013 Hybrid Electric Vehicle<\/a>) umo\u017e\u0148uje kombinaci obou v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch typ\u016f pohonu, tedy spalovac\u00edho motoru a elektromotoru.<\/strong> U hybridn\u00edho pohonu nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt spalovac\u00ed motor mechanicky spojen s koly. M\u016f\u017ee tedy existovat pouze jako gener\u00e1tor elektrick\u00e9 energie. Spalovac\u00ed motor tak m\u016f\u017ee neru\u0161en\u011b pracovat ve sv\u00fdch optim\u00e1ln\u00edch ot\u00e1\u010dk\u00e1ch, poh\u00e1n\u011bt elektromotory nebo dob\u00edjet akumul\u00e1tory. Stejn\u00fd koncept je ji\u017e l\u00e9ta pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n u diesel-elektrick\u00fdch lokomotiv.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n V\u00fdhodou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed bez mechanick\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed elektromotoru s koly je, \u017ee nen\u00ed t\u0159eba \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 p\u0159evodovka.<\/strong> Elektrick\u00e9 trak\u010dn\u00ed motory jsou toti\u017e schopn\u00e9 pracovat v \u0161irok\u00e9m rozsahu ot\u00e1\u010dek s vysokou \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed a dostate\u010dn\u00fdm kroutic\u00edm momentem ji\u017e prakticky od nulov\u00fdch ot\u00e1\u010dek. P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed dvou motor\u016f dokonce odpad\u00e1 i diferenci\u00e1l, jeliko\u017e mezi lev\u00fdm a prav\u00fdm kolem nen\u00ed mechanick\u00e1 vazba. Nab\u00edz\u00ed se i mo\u017enost pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010dty\u0159 men\u0161\u00edch motor\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edmo u kol a z\u00edskat tak plnohodnotnou \u010dty\u0159kolku, bez nutnosti pou\u017e\u00edvat slo\u017eit\u00e9 mezin\u00e1pravov\u00e9 diferenci\u00e1ly. Kdy\u017e uv\u00e1\u017e\u00edme, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dinnost ka\u017ed\u00e9ho soukol\u00ed se \u0161ikm\u00fdmi zuby je 0.98, \u00fa\u010dinnost lo\u017eiska 0.995, pak je ka\u017ed\u00e9 takov\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e9. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodou v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ten fakt, \u017ee spalovac\u00ed motor pracuje pouze ve sv\u00e9m optim\u00e1ln\u00edm re\u017eimu s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enou \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed<\/strong>. Pokud je dost energie v akumul\u00e1torech, nebo doch\u00e1z\u00ed k deceleraci<\/a>, motor se \u00fapln\u011b vyp\u00edn\u00e1.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm elektromotoru p\u0159\u00edmo do kola se zbav\u00edme pou\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159evodovky, rozvodovky. Z\u00edsk\u00e1me tak nap\u0159\u00edklad dal\u0161\u00ed prostor pro pos\u00e1dku a zavazadla, sn\u00ed\u017e\u00edme ztr\u00e1ty apod. Na druhou stranu ale v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edme hmotnost neodpru\u017een\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vozidla<\/strong>. To m\u00e1 vliv na \u017eivotnost sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed podvozku a j\u00edzdn\u00ed pohodl\u00ed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Dne\u0161n\u00ed koncepty hybridn\u00edch pohon\u016f st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed pevn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed spalovac\u00edho motoru a kol. Elektromotor sp\u00ed\u0161e jen vypom\u00e1h\u00e1 v p\u0159echodov\u00fdch stavech, kdy je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 spalovac\u00ed motor zhasnout<\/a>, nap\u0159. p\u0159i popoj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00e1cp\u011b nebo po m\u011bst\u011b. Hybridn\u00ed pohon je relativn\u011b mlad\u00e9 a perspektivn\u00ed odv\u011btv\u00ed v\u00fdvoje, a proto existuje mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch kombinac\u00ed a variant. V sou\u010dastn\u00e9 dob\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e1 automobilka vyv\u00edj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed koncepci a filosofii.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Na z\u00e1v\u011br je je\u0161t\u011b t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee hybridn\u00ed pohony d\u00edky sv\u00e9 dobr\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti maj\u00ed i dobr\u00e9 emise<\/a>. Jsou tedy pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za dobrou ekologickou alternativu sou\u010dasn\u00fdch automobil\u016f se spalovac\u00edm motorem. Jejich nev\u00fdhodou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jen vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed cena kv\u016fli nov\u00e9 a komplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed technologii. Existuje v\u0161ak mnoho st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 prodej hybridn\u00edch automobil\u016f legislativn\u011b zv\u00fdhod\u0148uj\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 mnoho velk\u00fdch m\u011bst pou\u0161t\u00ed do centra automobily za vysok\u00e9 poplatky, ale hybridn\u00ed automobily zdarma.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Kdo p\u0159edstavil prvn\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u00fd hybridn\u00ed automobil? Jsou hybridn\u00ed automobily bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed? Text: <\/strong>Jan Sajdl <\/p>\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Hybridn\u00edm pohonem je naz\u00fdv\u00e1n takov\u00fd pohon, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 n\u011bkolika r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie, pro pohon jednoho dopravn\u00edho prost\u0159edku.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1275,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"facebook_10217573569066608_119527941460186":"","twitter_308591058_308591058":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"two_page_speed":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,8,29,4],"tags":[227,1409,289,544,623,527],"class_list":["post-2555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene","category-hnaci-ustroji","category-zkratky-a-pojmy","category-casti-automobilu","tag-ekologie","tag-elektromobilita","tag-hybrid","tag-hybridni-pohon","tag-spalovaci-motor","tag-ucinnost"],"yoast_head":"\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/obr_clanky\/cs_hybridni_pohon_001.jpg\" "\\"motor")
<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/a>
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/span>Prvn\u00edm s\u00e9riov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdm hybridn\u00edm automobilem na sv\u011bt\u011b je Toyota Prius. Tento v\u016fz z\u00edskal ocen\u011bn\u00ed \u201eCar of the Year 2005\u201c. Automobil je poh\u00e1n\u011bn kombinovan\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem spalovac\u00edho motoru a elektromotoru.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span>Podle studie “Institutu bezpe\u010dnosti dopravy americk\u00fdch poji\u0161\u0165oven<\/a>” jsou hybridn\u00ed automobily bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vozidla s tradi\u010dn\u00edm pohonem. Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed zran\u011bn\u00ed pro v nich cestuj\u00edc\u00ed osoby je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed zhruba o 25 %. D\u016fvodem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti hybridn\u00edch automobil\u016f je podle n\u00e1zoru odborn\u00edk\u016f p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hmotnost hybridn\u00edch voz\u016f<\/strong>, proto\u017ee baterie a dodate\u010dn\u00e9 elektromotory znamenaj\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s konven\u010dn\u00edm pohonem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hmotnosti o v\u00edce ne\u017e 10 %. Podle toho jsou hybridy sice bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro cestuj\u00edc\u00ed t\u00edmto vozem, ale logicky nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro \u0159idi\u010de ostatn\u00edch lehk\u00fdch mal\u00fdch automobil\u016f stejn\u011b jako pro chodce. Hybridn\u00ed vozy by toti\u017e mohly z d\u016fvodu ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ovladatelnosti a del\u0161\u00ed brzdn\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy<\/a> zp\u016fsobit nehodu a\u017e o 20 % \u010dast\u011bji.<\/span><\/p>\n
\nFoto: <\/strong>www.theautochan\u00adnel.com, www.saab.com, www.evworld.com, www.nrel.gov
\nKl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova: <\/strong>hybridn\u00ed pohon, spalovac\u00ed motor, \u00fa\u010dinnost, ekologie, hybrid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n