{"id":782,"date":"2019-03-29T06:56:45","date_gmt":"2019-03-29T06:56:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.autolexicon.net\/?p=782"},"modified":"2020-03-23T17:45:51","modified_gmt":"2020-03-23T17:45:51","slug":"aerodynamika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/cs\/articles\/aerodynamika\/","title":{"rendered":"Aerodynamika"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Aerodynamika je specializovan\u00fd obor fyziky, kter\u00fd zkoum\u00e1 silov\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed na obt\u00e9kan\u00e9 t\u011bleso. Tento obor m\u00e1 velik\u00fd v\u00fdznam v letectv\u00ed i automobilismu. V\u00fdstupem z aerodynamick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy b\u00fdv\u00e1 rozlo\u017een\u00ed silov\u00e9ho pole, tvar proudnic a hodnota koeficientu aerodynamick\u00e9ho odporu cX<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Silov\u00e9 pole<\/strong> ukazuje v jak\u00fdch m\u00edstech je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd tlak na karoserii. Pr\u016fb\u011bh a velikost p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00edho tlaku se m\u011bn\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b s rychlost\u00ed obt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed. Aerodynamick\u00fd tlak rozli\u0161ujeme:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

▪ statick\u00fd<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

▪ dynamick\u00fd
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

▪ celkov\u00fd (sou\u010det statick\u00e9ho a dynamick\u00e9ho)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

tlakov\u00e9 pole automobilu Ferrari F430 Scuderia<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Proudnice<\/strong> je dr\u00e1ha vybran\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice obt\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky, nap\u0159. vzduchu. Proudnice se spojuj\u00ed do tzv. proudov\u00e9ho svazku. Podle tvaru proudnic m\u016f\u017eeme proud\u011bn\u00ed rozd\u011blit na:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

▪ lamin\u00e1rn\u00ed (ust\u00e1len\u00e9)<\/em> \u2013 proudnice jsou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00e9, jejich dr\u00e1hy se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b nek\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, \u010d\u00e1stice se posouvaj\u00ed a nerotuj\u00ed,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

▪ turbulentn\u00ed (v\u00ed\u0159iv\u00e9)<\/em> \u2013 proudnice se rozt\u00e1\u010dej\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00ed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"cs_aerodynamika_002\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

tvar proudnic automobilu Ferrari F430 Scuderia<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Aerodynamick\u00fd koeficient (sou\u010dinitel) je bezrozm\u011brn\u00e1 veli\u010dina, kter\u00e1 vyjad\u0159uje ur\u010ditou aerodynamickou \u010distotu obt\u00e9kan\u00e9ho t\u011blesa. \u010c\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed je hodnota cx<\/sub>, t\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed odpor vzduchu na automobil p\u016fsob\u00ed. Obvykle se hodnoty pohybuj\u00ed v rozmez\u00ed 0,2 \u2013 0,4. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0161echny tyto aerodynamick\u00e9 veli\u010diny lze simulovat a po\u010d\u00edtat za pomoci softwaru (nap\u0159. FLEUNT) nebo m\u011b\u0159it v aerodynamick\u00e9m tunelu. Aerodynamick\u00fd tunel pro cel\u00fd automobil v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1:1 je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 a n\u00e1kladn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Z toho d\u016fvodu se \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u00fdch model\u016f automobil\u016f v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku<\/strong> a men\u0161\u00edch aerodynamick\u00fdch tunel\u016f.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

uk\u00e1zka m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v aerodynamick\u00e9m tunelu<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edm posledn\u00ed nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed centrum pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed aerodynamiky bylo otev\u0159eno v Mnichov\u011b automobilkou BMW. N\u00e1klady na vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed aerodynamick\u00e9ho centra se vy\u0161plhaly na 4,4 miliardy korun. Za tyto pen\u00edze vzniklo na plo\u0161e 25 000 m2<\/sup> pracovi\u0161t\u011b s v\u011btrn\u00fdm tunelem schopn\u00fdm simulovat rychlosti a\u017e 300 km\/h. Velmi obecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee pokud se odpor vzduchu u jedouc\u00edho auta sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed o desetinu, poklesne t\u00edm jeho spot\u0159eba paliva o 2,5 procenta.<\/strong> Proto BMW nev\u00e1halo investovat nemal\u00e9 pen\u00edze do nov\u00e9ho v\u011btrn\u00e9ho tunelu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Video:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

httpv:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IWCgArIxU2o<\/span><\/p>\n

httpv:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A9FluxQn0ZE<\/span><\/p>\n

Velikost odporov\u00e9 s\u00edly<\/span><\/strong>
\nP\u0159i pohybu t\u011blesa klade prost\u0159ed\u00ed odpor proti jeho pohybu. P\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch rychlostech je odporov\u00e1 s\u00edla relativn\u011b mal\u00e1 a je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brnou rychlosti pohybu<\/strong>. P\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch rychlostech v\u0161ak odporov\u00e1 s\u00edla vzr\u016fst\u00e1 s druhou mocninou rychlosti<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nebudeme-li zab\u00edhat do podrobnost\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme velikost odporov\u00e9 s\u00edly vyj\u00e1d\u0159it tzv. Newtonov\u00fdm z\u00e1konem odporu. Z tohoto vztahu je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee velikost odporov\u00e9 s\u00edly z\u00e1vis\u00ed na velikosti \u010deln\u00ed plochy S (my\u0161leno v pr\u016f\u0159ezu), na hustot\u011b okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (zpravidla vzduch), druh\u00e9 mocnin\u011b rychlosti v a na tvaru t\u011blesa. K zobecn\u011bn\u00e9mu popisu tvaru t\u011blesa slou\u017e\u00ed tzv. sou\u010dinitele odporu<\/em> Cx<\/sub><\/em>, kter\u00fd zohled\u0148uje tvar a kvalitu povrchu t\u011blesa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V zahrani\u010dn\u00ed literatu\u0159e se m\u016f\u017eete setkat s ozna\u010den\u00ed sou\u010dinitele odporu cd<\/sub>, jako drag coefficient<\/strong>. Na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm obr\u00e1zku je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno, jak\u00fd vliv m\u00e1 tvar t\u011blesa na velikost sou\u010dinitele odporu cx<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

p\u0159\u00edklady r\u016fzn\u00fdch hodnot Cx<\/sub><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Co jste nev\u011bd\u011bli<\/span><\/span><\/strong>
\nV posledn\u00edch letech roz\u0161i\u0159uje v\u011bt\u0161ina automobilek sv\u016fj v\u00fdrobn\u00ed program o tzv. ekologick\u00e9 verze. Zpravidla se jedn\u00e1 o s\u00e9riov\u00fd v\u016fz, kter\u00fd byl optimalizov\u00e1n z hlediska p\u0159evod\u016f, hmotnosti a j\u00edzdn\u00edch odpor\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b optimalizace aerodynamiky je jednou z cest jak sn\u00ed\u017eit spot\u0159ebu. Vezm\u011bme si p\u0159\u00edklad: Opel Insignia 2.0 CDTi Ecoflex<\/a><\/span>. Ve v\u011btrn\u00e9m tunelu in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i bojovali o ka\u017edou desetinu koeficientu cx<\/sub>. Ji\u017e tak skv\u011bl\u00fd z\u00e1klad cx<\/sub>=0,27 se jim poda\u0159ilo sn\u00ed\u017eit o jednu desetinu. Zakryt\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017ee ze spodu vozidla ubralo 0,009, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 zaslepen\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky na masce ubralo 0,005, zaslepen\u00ed \u0161t\u011brbiny pod chladi\u010dem ubralo 0,001, \u00faprava spoileru sn\u00ed\u017eila koeficient o dal\u0161\u00edch 0,003. I takov\u00e1 bezv\u00fdznamn\u00e1 mali\u010dkost jako je plastick\u00fd n\u00e1pis na bo\u010dnici pneumatik Michelin Energy Saver<\/a> zv\u00fd\u0161ila koeficient o 0,001 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s holou maketou shodn\u00e9ho rozm\u011bru i dez\u00e9nu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


\nFoto:<\/strong> www.cardesignonline.com, www.aquaphoenix.com<\/span><\/span>
\nKl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova:<\/span><\/span> <\/strong>aerodynamika, tlakov\u00e9 pole, sou\u010dinitel, koeficient, odporu vzduchu, odpor vzduchu, odporov\u00e1 s\u00edla<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aerodynamika je v\u011bda zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se obt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00edm (proud\u011bn\u00edm) vzduchu kolem t\u011bles. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed je aerodynamick\u00fd odpor vzduchu vozidla, t\u00edm hospod\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je jeho provoz. Velikost aerodynamick\u00e9ho odporu je charakterizov\u00e1na pomoc\u00ed sou\u010dinitele aerodynamick\u00e9ho odporu vzduchu cx. Hodnota tohoto sou\u010dinitele je m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem kvality tvar\u016f vozu z hlediska obt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed jeho karoserie vzduchem. U modern\u00edch automobil\u016f se tato hodnota pohybuje kolem 0,3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":671,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"facebook_10217573569066608_119527941460186":"","twitter_308591058_308591058":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"two_page_speed":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,6,29,4],"tags":[90,93,95,96,94,92,91],"class_list":["post-782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene","category-karoserie","category-zkratky-a-pojmy","category-casti-automobilu","tag-aerodynamika","tag-koeficient","tag-odpor-vzduchu","tag-odporova-sila","tag-odporu-vzduchu","tag-soucinitel","tag-tlakove-pole"],"yoast_head":"\nAerodynamika - autolexicon.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/cs\/articles\/aerodynamika\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Aerodynamika - autolexicon.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Aerodynamika je v\u011bda zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se obt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00edm (proud\u011bn\u00edm) vzduchu kolem t\u011bles. 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