{"id":9911,"date":"2022-03-30T07:23:09","date_gmt":"2022-03-30T07:23:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/?p=9911"},"modified":"2024-07-03T12:34:04","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T12:34:04","slug":"barel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/cs\/articles\/barel\/","title":{"rendered":"Barel"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

P\u016fvod slova barel najdeme v latinsk\u00e9m slov\u011b \u201ebarriclus\u201c<\/em> pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9m pro pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00e9ho sudu. Pozd\u011bji slovo barel ozna\u010dovalo n\u00e1doby r\u016fzn\u00fdch velikost\u00ed<\/strong>, ve kter\u00fdch se uchov\u00e1valy a p\u0159epravovaly tekut\u00e9 i sypk\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Objemov\u00e1 velikost barelu tedy nebyla zcela jednozna\u010dn\u011b ur\u010dena<\/strong>, jeliko\u017e se li\u0161ila kraj od kraje, n\u00e1dobu od n\u00e1doby.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vzhledem k zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bchto str\u00e1nek V\u00e1s bude nepochybn\u011b nejv\u00edce zaj\u00edmat ropn\u00fd barel, <\/strong>kter\u00fd m\u00e1 p\u016fvod v americk\u00e9 Pensylv\u00e1nii.<\/span><\/p>\n

Objemov\u00e1 velikost ropn\u00e9ho barelu:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\"objemov\u00e1<\/a>Ropn\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti obchoduj\u00edc\u00ed na burz\u00e1ch stanovuj\u00ed cenu ropy v p\u0159epo\u010dtu na jeden barel<\/strong>. Tento ropn\u00fd barel m\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed bbl<\/em><\/strong> a pevn\u011b stanoven\u00fd objem:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

1 barel ropy = 42 americk\u00fdch galon\u016f <\/strong>=
\n<\/strong><\/span> 35 imperi\u00e1ln\u00edch galon\u016f = 158,987294928 litr\u016f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n

Historie t\u011b\u017eby ropy:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Prvn\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 zdroje ropy <\/strong>jsou dolo\u017eeny v alsask\u00e9m Pechelbronnu ji\u017e od roku 1498. Zp\u016fsob t\u011b\u017eby ropy byl v\u0161ak tehdy zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd. Ropa se z\u00edsk\u00e1vala z ropn\u00e9ho p\u00edsku<\/strong>, kter\u00fd se t\u011b\u017eil ve \u0161tol\u00e1ch. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se ropn\u00fd olej z p\u00edsku odlu\u010doval pomoc\u00ed va\u0159\u00edc\u00ed vody. Pot\u00e9 se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm destilace postupn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1val olej, paraf\u00edn a dehet. Surov\u00fd olej t\u011b\u017een\u00fd z takzvan\u00fdch pechelbronnsk\u00fdch vrstev se nejprve pou\u017e\u00edval v l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed p\u0159i ko\u017en\u00edch chorob\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Komer\u010dn\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed  vrstev ropn\u00e9ho p\u00edsku za\u010dalo v roce 1735, a ji\u017e v roce 1742 se k vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ropn\u00fdch lo\u017eisek pou\u017e\u00edvaly vrt\u00e1ky. Kolem roku 1865 se hloubka dolu v Pechelbronnu st\u00e1le zv\u011bt\u0161ovala a s p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed hloubkou se ropa st\u00e1vala st\u00e1le tekut\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/strong>. Zp\u016fsob t\u011b\u017eby se proto mohl zm\u011bnit z t\u011b\u017eby ropn\u00e9ho p\u00edsku na t\u011b\u017ebu ropy z pr\u016fsak\u016f. V roce 1879 bylo pr\u016fsakov\u00e9 t\u011b\u017een\u00ed nahrazeno bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed t\u011b\u017ebou pomoc\u00ed vrt\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Drake<\/a>V roce 1859 byl v americk\u00e9 Pensylv\u00e1nii vyvrt\u00e1n historicky prvn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed ropn\u00fd vrt dnes zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Drake Well<\/a> (vrt angl. well<\/em>). Jeho vlastn\u00edkem byl Edwin Laurentine Drake<\/strong>,  americk\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezce a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pr\u016fkopn\u00edk v oblasti t\u011b\u017eby ropy a realizace ropn\u00fdch vrt\u016f. D\u00edky jeho nov\u00e1torsk\u00e9mu zp\u016fsobu t\u011b\u017eby ropy<\/strong> se poda\u0159ilo p\u0159ekonat nezdary vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b ropy v nesouvisl\u00e9m podlo\u017e\u00ed. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm samozasyp\u00e1n\u00ed vrtu.  Edwin Drake tento probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161il pomoc\u00ed vrt\u00e1ku, kter\u00fd um\u00edstil do litinov\u00e9 trubky.<\/strong> Trubka n\u00e1sledn\u011b tvo\u0159ila st\u011bny vrtu a zabra\u0148ovala sesunut\u00ed vrstev a t\u00edm zasyp\u00e1n\u00ed vrtu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeho pr\u016fkopnick\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce sice vedla k rozvoji ropn\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu v USA a z mnoha lid\u00ed ud\u011blala vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e1 ropa poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 boh\u00e1\u010de, ne v\u0161ak z Edwina Draka. Ten si bohu\u017eel nenechal patentovat objeven\u00fd zp\u016fsob t\u011b\u017eby a ani nem\u011bl dobr\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edho ducha. Nakonec p\u0159i\u0161el o v\u0161echny \u00faspory ve spekulac\u00edch s ropou a zem\u0159el v chudob\u011b<\/strong> v roce 1880.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uv\u011bdomme si, \u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u011bla ropa samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Ropa se pou\u017e\u00edvala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro v\u00fdrobu petroleje do lamp<\/strong>, kter\u00fd byl mnohem levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed variantou ne\u017e do t\u00e9 doby pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd velryb\u00ed tuk.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Historie barelu jako objemov\u00e9 jednotky ropy:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

V po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch t\u011b\u017eby ropy neexistovala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 standardizovan\u00e1 n\u00e1doba<\/strong> pro obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s vyt\u011b\u017eenou ropou. Vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e1 ropa a ropn\u00e9 produkty byly skladov\u00e1ny a p\u0159epravov\u00e1ny v d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch sudech r\u016fzn\u00e9 velikosti. \u010casem v\u0161ak velc\u00ed producenti ropy v USA do\u0161li k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee tento zp\u016fsob distribuce a prodeje ropy zp\u016fsobuje u z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f ned\u016fv\u011bru.<\/span><\/p>\n

Proto se v srpnu roku 1866<\/strong> se\u0161lo n\u011bkolik prvn\u00edch americk\u00fdch producent\u016f ropy v m\u011bste\u010dku Titusville v Pensylv\u00e1nii. Dohodli se, \u017ee barel ropy bude od nyn\u011bj\u0161ka tvo\u0159it 42 americk\u00fdch galon\u016f<\/strong>. \u010c\u00edm\u017e zat\u00edm neofici\u00e1ln\u011b stanovili velikost budouc\u00edho ropn\u00e9ho barelu<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Asi se pt\u00e1te, pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b 42 galon\u016f a ne kulat\u00fdch 40 galon\u016f? Svou roli bezesporu sehr\u00e1l p\u0159epo\u010det americk\u00fdch galon\u016f (US) na imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed (UK) a snaha vyhnout se p\u0159i tom po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed s desetinn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly<\/strong>,jsme v 19. stolet\u00ed. 1 US galon = 0.8326738 UK galonu. P\u0159i zaokrouhlen\u00ed na cel\u00fd UK galon, bychom tratily 0.1673262 UK galonu. Pokud v\u0161ak p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u00edte 6 US galon\u016f na imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed, dostanete 4.9960428 UK galonu. Tedy t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00fdch 5 galon\u016f a zaokrouhlen\u00edm p\u0159i obchodu trat\u00edme pouze 0,0039572 UK galonu, co\u017e je velmi mal\u00e1 odchylka.<\/span><\/p>\n

Men\u0161\u00ed sudy jsou v\u0161ak m\u00e1lo ziskov\u00e9 a s velk\u00fdmi se t\u011b\u017eko manipuluje. Proto padl n\u00e1vrh na n\u00e1sobek \u0161esti, tedy na 42 US galonov\u00fd sud, p\u0159i takov\u00e9m objemu sudu vznik\u00e1 zaokrouhlen\u00edm celkem mal\u00e1 odchylka 0.0277 UK barelu. Roku 1872 byla tedy jednotn\u00e1 velikost ropn\u00e9ho barelu p\u0159ijata i Asociac\u00ed v\u00fdrobc\u016f ropy a pevn\u011b stanovena na 42 americk\u00fdch galon\u016f.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0159epo\u010det na metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m (litry) tehdy je\u0161t\u011b nikdo ne\u0159e\u0161il.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/a>\"ropn\u00fd<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

P\u016fvod zkratky bbl<\/em>  ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed barel ropy:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Pro barel se v anglicky mluv\u00edc\u00edch zem\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zkratka \u201ebl<\/em>\u201c, tedy prvn\u00ed a posledn\u00ed p\u00edsmeno z n\u00e1zvu. N\u011bkter\u00e9 zdroje uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159idan\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno \u201eb\u201c se do zkratky dostalo d\u00edky spole\u010dnosti Standard Oil Company. Co\u017e byl prvn\u00ed ropn\u00fd gigant v USA, kter\u00fd v roce 1870 zalo\u017eil John Davison Rockefeller<\/strong>. Ke skladov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159eprav\u011b ropy tato spole\u010dnost pou\u017e\u00edvala modr\u00e9 sudy, odtud tedy \u201ebbl\u201c<\/em> jako \u201eblue barrel”<\/em><\/strong>. Pro\u010d ale zrovna modr\u00e9 sudy?<\/span><\/p>\n

Z lodn\u00edch den\u00edk\u016f je dolo\u017eeno, \u017ee zkratka \u201ebbl\u201c<\/em> se pou\u017e\u00edvala ji\u017e p\u0159ed zrodem ropn\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu v roce 1859. Vra\u0165me se proto do alsask\u00e9ho Pechelbronnu, kde za\u010dala prvn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed t\u011b\u017eba ropy u\u017e roku 1735. K p\u0159eprav\u011b vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9 ropy se tehdy nepou\u017e\u00edvaly sudy na pivo \u010di v\u00edno, kter\u00e9 by se t\u00edm znehodnotily, ale vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 sudy na sled\u011b. Solen\u00ed sledi se v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ve velk\u00e9m dopravovali do vnitrozem\u00ed, tak\u017ee tyto sudy bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 levn\u011b koupit. Aby se zabr\u00e1nilo z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu napln\u011bn\u00ed ropn\u00e9ho sudu j\u00eddlem, bylo dno sudu nat\u0159eno modrou barvou.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mamut\u00ed spole\u010dnosti jako byla Standard Oil Company tento zvyk pouze p\u0159evzaly. D\u00edky jejich monopolu tak zkratka bbl zlidov\u011bla.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Standard<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Prvn\u00ed ocelov\u00fd barel na ropu:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\"prvn\u00ed<\/a>V\u00fdroba p\u016fvodn\u00edch vodot\u011bsn\u00fdch d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch sud\u016f nebyla snadn\u00e1 a byla prac\u00ed pro ty nejzku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bedn\u00e1\u0159e. Tud\u00ed\u017e byla jejich v\u00fdroba relativn\u011b drah\u00e1. Proto v roce 1902 uvedla spole\u010dnost Standard Oil Company na trh ocelovou verzi 42 galonov\u00e9ho sudu na olej<\/strong>. Sv\u00fdm vzhledem nov\u00fd ocelov\u00fd sud p\u0159ipom\u00ednal sp\u00ed\u0161e sv\u00e9 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u016fdce ne\u017e dne\u0161n\u00ed ropn\u00e9 barely v\u00e1lcovit\u00e9ho tvaru. Tyto prvn\u00ed ocelov\u00e9 sudy m\u011bly n\u00fdtovan\u00e9 \u0161vy, falcovan\u00e9 st\u011bny a jejich t\u011bsnost nebyla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dobr\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Nellie<\/a>Dal\u0161\u00ed pokrok nastal v roce 1904, kdy z\u00edskala spole\u010dnost Iron Clad Manufacturing Company patent na v\u00fdrobu rovn\u00e9ho sudu<\/strong> vylep\u0161en\u00e9ho o <\/strong>obru\u010de. Obru\u010de zpev\u0148ovaly sud a nav\u00edc umo\u017e\u0148ovaly snaz\u0161\u00ed odvalov\u00e1n\u00ed a manipulaci s t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm sudem. Tento barel se stal konstruk\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159edlohou dne\u0161n\u00edch modern\u00edch barel\u016f. Ve veden\u00ed spole\u010dnosti Iron Clad Manufacturing Company tehdy st\u00e1la \u017eena, co\u017e nen\u00ed obvykl\u00e9 ani dnes. Elizabeth Jane Cochrane se \u010dasem stala v\u00fdznamnou pr\u016fmyslnic\u00ed ameriky 18. stolet\u00ed! P\u0159e\u010dte si jej\u00ed zkr\u00e1cen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

Nellie Bly<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Elizabeth Jane Cochrane je velmi zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 historick\u00e1 osobnost. Nechala si \u0159\u00edkat Nellie Bly, podle tehdy velmi obl\u00edben\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b. Do pov\u011bdom\u00ed se dostala nejd\u0159\u00edve jako prvn\u00ed investigativn\u00ed report\u00e9rka<\/strong> pracuj\u00edc\u00ed pro samotn\u00e9ho Josepha Pulitzera<\/a> (Pulitzerova cena<\/a>). Jej\u00edm nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem byla report\u00e1\u017e z psychiatrick\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010debny v New Yorku<\/a>, do kter\u00e9 se nechala dobrovoln\u011b zav\u0159\u00edt, aby podala sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o tamn\u00edch hr\u016fzn\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e1sledovala cesta kolem sv\u011bta za 80 dn\u00ed<\/strong> inspirovan\u00e1 stejnojmenn\u00fdm rom\u00e1nem Julia Verna<\/a>. Na cestu se vydala 14. listopadu 1889, tedy \u0161estn\u00e1ct let od vyd\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto rom\u00e1nu. B\u011bhem sv\u00e9 cesty se ve Francii setkala se samotn\u00fdm Julessem Vernem. Jej\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e1 cesta dokonce p\u0159ekonala rom\u00e1nov\u00fd \u010das hlavn\u00edho hrdiny Philease Fogga a stala se nakr\u00e1tko sv\u011btov\u00fdm rekordem.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roce 1895 se Nellie Blyov\u00e1 provdala za milion\u00e1\u0159e a tov\u00e1rn\u00edka Roberta Seamana. V dob\u011b jejich s\u0148atku bylo Nellie 31 let a Robertu 73! Kv\u016fli \u0161patn\u00e9mu zdravotn\u00edmu stavu sv\u00e9ho man\u017eela nastoupila Nellie do veden\u00ed jeho firmy Iron Clad Manufacturing Co. Tato pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 firma vyr\u00e1b\u011bla ocelov\u00e9 konve a jin\u00e9 n\u00e1doby. Odtud nebylo daleko k n\u00e1vrhu zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9ho rovn\u00e9ho sudu<\/strong>. Nav\u00edc Nellie Bly vedla svou spole\u010dnost neb\u00fdvale modern\u00edm zp\u016fsobem – propracovan\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de, zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdhody a rekrea\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Vst\u0159\u00edcnost se j\u00ed v\u0161ak nevyplatila a zam\u011bstnanci v\u010dele s mana\u017eerem p\u0159ivedli tov\u00e1rnu ke krachu.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Barel ropy \u010dasto b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm t\u00e9matem zpr\u00e1v a jeho cena p\u0159\u00edmo ovliv\u0148uje cenu benz\u00ednu a nafty. M\u00e1lokdo v\u0161ak v\u00ed, kolik litr\u016f vlastn\u011b onen barel obsahuje? Pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b barel a co znamen\u00e1 zkratka bbl v burzovn\u00edch grafech?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9969,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"facebook_10217573569066608_119527941460186":"","twitter_308591058_308591058":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"two_page_speed":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,51,678,29],"tags":[1437,1438,1439],"class_list":["post-9911","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene","category-historie-automobilismu","category-pojmy","category-zkratky-a-pojmy","tag-barel","tag-barrel","tag-ropa"],"yoast_head":"\nBarel - autolexicon.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Barel ropy \u010dasto b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm t\u00e9matem zpr\u00e1v a jeho cena p\u0159\u00edmo ovliv\u0148uje cenu benz\u00ednu a nafty. M\u00e1lokdo v\u0161ak v\u00ed, kolik litr\u016f vlastn\u011b onen barel obsahuje? Pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b barel a co znamen\u00e1 zkratka bbl v burzovn\u00edch grafech?Barel ropy m\u00e1 standardn\u00ed objem 42 americk\u00fdch galon\u016f, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 159 litr\u016fm. Tento standard byl historicky zaveden a st\u00e1le se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed objemu ropy.Zkratka "bbl" ve burzovn\u00edch grafech ozna\u010duje jednotku m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ropy a znamen\u00e1 "barrel", tedy barel. 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