{"id":2973,"date":"2024-02-08T18:30:05","date_gmt":"2024-02-08T18:30:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.autolexicon.net\/?p=2973"},"modified":"2024-07-03T12:16:20","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T12:16:20","slug":"oxid-uhlicity-co2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/sk\/articles\/oxid-uhlicity-co2\/","title":{"rendered":"Oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd CO2<\/sub>"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Najprv sa vr\u00e1time do roku 1975, ke\u010f vodi\u010di oslavovali v\u00ed\u0165azstvo nad jedovat\u00fdm oxidom uhli\u010dit\u00fdm (CO)<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd sa be\u017ene uvo\u013e\u0148oval pri spa\u013eovan\u00ed paliva. V\u010faka vyn\u00e1lezu a masov\u00e9mu nasadeniu katalyz\u00e1tora<\/a> sa podarilo t\u00fato nebezpe\u010dn\u00fa l\u00e1tku eliminova\u0165. Automobilov\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor<\/a> zni\u017euje emisie oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho (CO), uh\u013eovod\u00edkov (HC) a oxidov dus\u00edka (NOx). Jednoducho povedan\u00e9, katalyz\u00e1tor premie\u0148a \u0161kodliv\u00e9 emisie<\/a> na menej \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, ako s\u00fa oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2<\/sub>), voda (H2<\/sub>O) a dus\u00edk (N2<\/sub>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Postupom \u010dasu sa v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee aj inertn\u00fd oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2<\/sub>) m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 probl\u00e9mom<\/strong>, preto\u017ee je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za jednu z hlavn\u00fdch pr\u00ed\u010din sklen\u00edkov\u00e9ho efektu a glob\u00e1lneho otep\u013eovania. CO2<\/sub> je toti\u017e sklen\u00edkov\u00fd plyn<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd zachyt\u00e1va teplo v atmosf\u00e9re a ovplyv\u0148uje kl\u00edmu na Zemi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"CO2<\/a><\/p>\n

V dne\u0161nej dobe sa oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2<\/sub>) stal predov\u0161etk\u00fdm politick\u00fdm t\u00e9mou a hovor\u00ed sa o \u0148om vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch mo\u017en\u00fdch s\u00favislostiach. V\u00fdrobcovia automobilov s\u00fa dnes pokutovan\u00ed za produkciu CO2<\/sub><\/a>, ktor\u00fd bud\u00fa produkova\u0165 ich vyroben\u00e9 automobily. Oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd je \u010dasto zamie\u0148an\u00fd s obecn\u00fdm pojmom emisie v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynov<\/a>, \u010do nie je \u00faplne spr\u00e1vne. Ako bolo zmienen\u00e9 v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom odstavci, emisn\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynov je ove\u013ea viac a oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd je len jednou z nich!<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u010co v\u0161etko viete o oxidu uhli\u010ditom (CO2<\/sub>)? Ako vn\u00edmate tento plyn? Po\u010fme sa pozrie\u0165 na p\u00e1r z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch ot\u00e1zok a odpoved\u00ed v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edch s\u00favislostiach.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u010co je vlastne CO2 <\/sub>a \u0161kod\u00ed jeho vd\u00fdchnutie zdraviu?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Molekula oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho je zl\u00fa\u010deninou dvoch at\u00f3mov kysl\u00edka<\/em> a jedn\u00e9ho at\u00f3mu uhl\u00edka<\/em>. T\u00e1to zl\u00fa\u010denina je \u0165a\u017e\u0161ia ako vzduch, preto\u017ee mol\u00e1rna hmotnos\u0165 oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho je 44 g\/mol (mol\u00e1rna hmotnos\u0165 vzduchu 28,96 g\/mol), dr\u017eia sa pri zemi. Ide o inertn\u00fd, bezfarebn\u00fd plyn, bez chuti i z\u00e1pachu. CO2<\/sub> nie je jedovat\u00fd<\/strong> na rozdiel od CO (oxidu uhelnat\u00e9ho). Oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2<\/sub>) je netoxick\u00fd plyn, ale pre \u010dloveka m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00fd pri vysok\u00fdch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Pri vd\u00fdchnut\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00ed CO2<\/sub> m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k zhor\u0161en\u00e9mu d\u00fdchanie, z\u00e1vratom, nevo\u013enosti a\u017e k strate vedomia. Tento jav sa napr\u00edklad vyskytuje v zle vetran\u00fdch uzavret\u00fdch priestoroch. CO2<\/sub> sa toti\u017e vytv\u00e1ra nielen pri spa\u013eovan\u00ed uh\u013eovod\u00edkov\u00fdch pal\u00edv, ale aj pri be\u017enom d\u00fdchan\u00ed.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Na \u010do sa pou\u017e\u00edva CO2<\/sub>?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd sa vyr\u00e1ba aj priemyselne. V\u010faka jeho vlastnostiam sa pou\u017e\u00edva napr. v hasiacich pr\u00edstrojoch, v klimatiza\u010dn\u00fdch jednotk\u00e1ch alebo v potravin\u00e1rstve. CO2<\/sub> je plyn pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd napr\u00edklad na nasytenie ob\u013e\u00faben\u00fdch n\u00e1pojov<\/strong>, najm\u00e4 limon\u00e1d a piva. Nasytenie n\u00e1pojov okrem in\u00e9ho zabra\u0148uje rastu bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed a plesn\u00ed. CO2<\/sub> sa rovnako pou\u017e\u00edva na r\u00fdchle zamrazovanie potrav\u00edn, alebo napr\u00edklad na odstr\u00e1nenie kofe\u00ednu z k\u00e1vy.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"bublinky<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

CO2<\/sub> vs. \u017divot:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Je pravdou, \u017ee kysli\u010dn\u00edk uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2<\/sub>) sa podie\u013ea na sklen\u00edkovom efekte, ale to e\u0161te neznamen\u00e1 katastrofu. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 sklen\u00edkov\u00e9 plyny s\u00fa tie\u017e vodn\u00e1 para, met\u00e1n a oz\u00f3n. CO2<\/sub> sa do atmosf\u00e9ry dostal u\u017e v praveku v d\u00f4sledku v\u00fdbuchov sopiek. Jeho uvo\u013enenie<\/strong> sp\u00f4sobilo pozit\u00edvny sklen\u00edkov\u00fd efekt, ktor\u00fd umo\u017enil ohriatie povrchu Zeme do takej miery, \u017ee sa mohol objavi\u0165 \u017eivot.<\/strong> Bez sklen\u00edkov\u00e9ho efektu by teplota na Zemi dosiahla len -18\u00b0C. Okrem toho je kysli\u010dn\u00edk uhli\u010dit\u00fd neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho procesu \u017eivej pr\u00edrody – fotosynt\u00e9zy a rastu rastl\u00edn. S trochou preh\u00e1\u0148ania by sa dalo poveda\u0165, \u017ee CO2<\/sub> je vlastne prejavom \u017eivota.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ako vznik\u00e1 CO2<\/sub> v pr\u00edrode?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina kysli\u010dn\u00edka uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza v atmosf\u00e9re, je pr\u00edrodn\u00e9ho p\u00f4vodu. Uvo\u013enil sa napr\u00edklad pri erupci\u00e1ch sopiek, pri kompostovan\u00ed, pri spa\u013eovan\u00ed biomasy at\u010f. Ako u\u017e bolo spomenut\u00e9, kysli\u010dn\u00edk uhli\u010dit\u00fd vznik\u00e1 aj pri d\u00fdchan\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fdch tvorov. Ke\u010f sa nad\u00fdchneme, nas\u00e1vame vzduch s pribli\u017enou koncentr\u00e1ciou CO2<\/sub> 0,03 %, ale ke\u010f vzduch op\u00fa\u0161\u0165a na\u0161e p\u013e\u00faca, m\u00e1 koncentr\u00e1ciu CO2<\/sub> 4 %.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pozrite si nasleduj\u00face dva grafy ako pr\u00edklad toho, ako r\u00fdchly rast popul\u00e1cie s\u00favis\u00ed s rast\u00facou hladinou CO2<\/sub>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"rast\u00faci<\/a><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

Zauj\u00edmavos\u0165:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Priemern\u00fd \u010dlovek emituje CO2<\/sub> r\u00f4znymi sp\u00f4sobmi, vr\u00e1tane d\u00fdchania, spotreby elektriny, k\u00farenia, jazdy autom alebo lietadlom a a \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi aktivitami – to sa naz\u00fdva tzv. uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 stopa<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea hrub\u00fdch odhadov priemern\u00fd \u010dlovek len d\u00fdchan\u00edm<\/u> emituje asi 1 kg CO2<\/sub> denne<\/strong>, \u010do zodpoved\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 365 kg CO2<\/sub> ro\u010dne. Na predstavu, je to mno\u017estvo CO2<\/sub>, ktor\u00e9 emituje priemern\u00e9 auto pri prejazde asi 3000 km, pri priemernom spotrebe 5 litrov benz\u00ednu na 100 km. Odpus\u0165te toto ve\u013ek\u00e9 zjednodu\u0161enie, je to sk\u00f4r ilustr\u00e1cia, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 poskytn\u00fa\u0165 celkov\u00fa predstavu o tom, ako svet funguje s CO2<\/sub>.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\"mno\u017estvo<\/a> <\/p>\n

Celkov\u00e9 emisie CO2<\/sub> jednej osoby s\u00fa ove\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161ie a z\u00e1visia od mnoh\u00fdch faktorov, ako je \u017eivotn\u00fd \u0161t\u00fdl, strava, b\u00fdvanie a in\u00e9 faktory. Len z dopravy a priemyslu je celosvetov\u00fd priemer emisi\u00ed CO2<\/sub> na osobu 4,7 tony, pozri grafy ni\u017e\u0161ie.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n

Ako spo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 emisie CO2<\/sub> v\u00e1\u0161ho auta?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Emisie CO2<\/sub> s\u00fa v podstate priamo \u00famern\u00e9 spotrebe paliva a preto ich mo\u017eno ve\u013emi jednoducho pribli\u017ene vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165. Ak pozn\u00e1te priemern\u00fa spotrebu vo litroch na 100 km, vyn\u00e1sobte ju koeficientom 23,92 (pre naftu 26,40), aby ste z\u00edskali produkciu CO2<\/sub>. Napr\u00edklad sedem litrov benz\u00ednu zodpoved\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 166 g CO2<\/sub> na km. Presnej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdpo\u010det produkcie CO2<\/sub> n\u00e1jdete tu<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Jak se pod\u00edl\u00ed doprava na produkci CO2<\/sub>?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Doprava se na celkov\u00e9 produkci CO2<\/sub> p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b pod\u00edl\u00ed pouh\u00fdmi 12 procenty! V porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s pr\u016fmyslem a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm se nejedn\u00e1 o z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pod\u00edl. P\u0159esto je vyv\u00edjen enormn\u00ed tlak na v\u00fdrobce automobil\u016f, aby sn\u00ed\u017eili produkci CO2<\/sub>. Dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 grafy naleznete zde: <\/span>www.epa.gov<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/a>\"Evropsk\u00e9<\/a><\/p>\n

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Kde le\u017e\u00ed hlavn\u00ed st\u0159ediska produkce \/ zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed CO2<\/sub>?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b statistick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme celkem snadno ur\u010dit hlavn\u00ed st\u0159ediska zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed oxidem uhli\u010dit\u00fdm. Mezi tradi\u010dn\u00edmi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ovateli<\/strong> jsou USA, Rusko, \u010c\u00edna, n\u011bkoho ale m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ekvapit i Kanada nebo st\u00e1ty v oblasti Persk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli rafineri\u00edm a siln\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 doprav\u011b vyprodukuj\u00ed st\u00e1ty jako Katar, Spojen\u00e9 Arabsk\u00e9 Emir\u00e1ty, Kuvajt a Bahrajn nejv\u00edce tun CO2<\/sub> v p\u0159epo\u010dtu na jednoho obyvatele.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tabulka emis\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho (CO2<\/sub>) p\u0159epo\u010dten\u00e1 na jednoho obyvatele dan\u00e9 zem\u011b v tun\u00e1ch v dan\u00e9m roce:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Zem\u011b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nCO2
\n<\/sub><\/span><\/strong>v roce 1990<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n		CO2
\n<\/sub><\/span><\/strong>v roce 2000<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n		CO2
\n<\/sub><\/span><\/strong>v roce 2010<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n		CO2
\n<\/sub><\/span><\/strong>v roce 2020<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Katar<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n25,8<\/span><\/td>\n62,4<\/span><\/td>\n42,8<\/span><\/td>\n37,1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SAE<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n27,2<\/span><\/td>\n34,1<\/span><\/td>\n21,8<\/span><\/td>\n23,3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kuvajt<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n22,6<\/span><\/td>\n28,4<\/span><\/td>\n30,9<\/span><\/td>\n22,4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bahrajn<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n22,3<\/span><\/td>\n27,0<\/span><\/td>\n24,0<\/span><\/td>\n25,3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lucembursko<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n31,0<\/span><\/td>\n20,0<\/span><\/td>\n22,1<\/span><\/td>\n12,8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
USA<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n20,6<\/span><\/td>\n21,3<\/span><\/td>\n18,3<\/span><\/td>\n14,0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Austr\u00e1lie<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n16,3<\/span><\/td>\n18,4<\/span><\/td>\n18,4<\/span><\/td>\n15,5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u010cesko<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n15,9<\/span><\/td>\n12,4<\/span><\/td>\n11,2<\/span><\/td>\n8,7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rusko<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n17,1<\/span><\/td>\n10,1<\/span><\/td>\n11,4<\/span><\/td>\n11,2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Japonsko<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n9,4<\/span><\/td>\n10,0<\/span><\/td>\n9,5<\/span><\/td>\n8,5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N\u011bmecko<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n13,3<\/span><\/td>\n11,0<\/span><\/td>\n10,2<\/span><\/td>\n7,8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Slovensko<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n11,7<\/span><\/td>\n7,7<\/span><\/td>\n7,1<\/span><\/td>\n5,7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u010c\u00edna<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n2,2<\/span><\/td>\n2,9<\/span><\/td>\n6,4<\/span><\/td>\n7,7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Indie<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n0,7<\/span><\/td>\n0,9<\/span><\/td>\n1,4<\/span><\/td>\n1,7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Produkcia CO2<\/sub> – interakt\u00edvna mapa emisi\u00ed vo svete:<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n