{"id":9911,"date":"2022-03-30T07:23:09","date_gmt":"2022-03-30T07:23:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/?p=9911"},"modified":"2024-07-03T12:34:04","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T12:34:04","slug":"barel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/sk\/articles\/barel\/","title":{"rendered":"Barel"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

P\u00f4vod slova barrel mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 v latinskom slove “barriclus”<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvalo na pomenovanie mal\u00e9ho suda. Nesk\u00f4r sa slovom sud ozna\u010dovali n\u00e1doby r\u00f4znych ve\u013ekost\u00ed<\/strong>, v ktor\u00fdch sa skladovali a prepravovali kvapaln\u00e9 a sypk\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Objemov\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 suda preto nebola jasne definovan\u00e1<\/strong>, preto\u017ee sa v jednotliv\u00fdch regi\u00f3noch a n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch l\u00ed\u0161ila.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vzh\u013eadom na zameranie tejto str\u00e1nky v\u00e1s bude nepochybne najviac zauj\u00edma\u0165 barel na ropu<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd poch\u00e1dza z Pensylv\u00e1nie v USA.<\/span><\/p>\n

Objemov\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 barelu ropy:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\"objemov\u00e1<\/a>Ropn\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e9 obchoduj\u00fa na burz\u00e1ch, stanovuj\u00fa cenu ropy za barel<\/strong>. Tento barel ropy m\u00e1 medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 ozna\u010denie bbl<\/em><\/strong> a pevn\u00fd objem:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

1 barel ropy = 42 americk\u00fdch gal\u00f3nov <\/strong>=
\n<\/strong><\/span> 35 imperi\u00e1lnych gal\u00f3nov = 158,987294928 litrov<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Hist\u00f3ria \u0165a\u017eby ropy:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Prv\u00e9 eur\u00f3pske zdroje ropy<\/strong> s\u00fa dolo\u017een\u00e9 v Pechelbronne v Alsasku u\u017e v roku 1498. Met\u00f3da z\u00edskavania oleja v\u0161ak bola vtedy \u00faplne in\u00e1. Ropa sa \u0165a\u017eila z ropn\u00fdch pieskov<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sa \u0165a\u017eili v \u0161t\u00f4l\u0148ach. Olej sa potom oddelil od piesku pomocou vriacej vody. Potom sa destil\u00e1ciou postupne extrahoval olej, paraf\u00edn a decht. Surov\u00fd olej z\u00edskan\u00fd z takzvan\u00fdch pechelbronnsk\u00fdch lo\u017e\u00edsk sa najprv pou\u017e\u00edval na lie\u010dbu ko\u017en\u00fdch chor\u00f4b.<\/span><\/p>\n

Komer\u010dn\u00e1 \u0165a\u017eba ropn\u00fdch pieskov sa za\u010dala v roku 1735 a u\u017e v roku 1742 sa na h\u013eadanie lo\u017e\u00edsk ropy pou\u017e\u00edvali vrty. Okolo roku 1865 sa h\u013abka bane Pechelbronn na\u010falej zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovala a ropa sa s rast\u00facou h\u013abkou st\u00e1vala \u010doraz tekutej\u0161ou<\/strong>. Met\u00f3da \u0165a\u017eby sa preto mohla zmeni\u0165 z ropn\u00fdch pieskov na ropu z priesakov. V roku 1879 bola \u0165a\u017eba priesakovou met\u00f3dou nahraden\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnej\u0161ou a efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ou \u0165a\u017ebou v\u0155tan\u00edm.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Drake<\/a>V roku 1859 bol v Pensylv\u00e1nii v USA vyv\u0155tan\u00fd v\u00f4bec prv\u00fd komer\u010dn\u00fd ropn\u00fd vrt, dnes zn\u00e1my ako Drake Well<\/a>. Vlastnil ju Edwin Laurentine Drake<\/strong>, americk\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezca a predov\u0161etk\u00fdm priekopn\u00edk v oblasti \u0165a\u017eby a v\u0155tania ropy. Jeho inovat\u00edvna met\u00f3da \u0165a\u017eby ropy<\/strong> prekonala probl\u00e9my spojen\u00e9 s \u0165a\u017ebou ropy v nekonsolidovanom podlo\u017e\u00ed. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm dobre samo\u010dinn\u00e9 plnenie. Edwin Drake vyrie\u0161il tento probl\u00e9m pomocou vrt\u00e1ka, ktor\u00fd umiestnil do liatinovej r\u00fary<\/strong>. R\u00fara potom vytvorila steny vrtu a zabr\u00e1nila prepad\u00e1vaniu vrstiev, a t\u00fdm aj upchatiu vrtu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hoci jeho priekopn\u00edcka pr\u00e1ca viedla k rozvoju ropn\u00e9ho priemyslu v USA a mnoh\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom priniesla rozpr\u00e1vkov\u00e9 bohatstvo z vy\u0165a\u017eenej ropy, Edwinovi Drakeovi sa to nepodarilo. Nane\u0161\u0165astie si nedal patentova\u0165 met\u00f3du \u0165a\u017eby, ktor\u00fa objavil, a nemal ani dobr\u00e9 obchodn\u00e9 myslenie. Nakoniec pri\u0161iel o v\u0161etky svoje \u00faspory pri \u0161pekul\u00e1ci\u00e1ch s ropou a v roku 1880 zomrel v chudobe<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nezab\u00fadajme, \u017ee v tom \u010dase mala ropa samozrejme celkom in\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie. Ropa sa pou\u017e\u00edval najm\u00e4 na v\u00fdrobu petroleja do l\u00e1mp<\/strong>, ktor\u00fd bol ove\u013ea lacnej\u0161\u00ed ako dovtedy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd ve\u013eryb\u00ed olej.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Hist\u00f3ria barelu ako jednotky objemu ropy:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

V za\u010diatkoch \u0165a\u017eby ropy neexistoval \u0161tandardizovan\u00fd obal<\/strong> na obchodovanie s vy\u0165a\u017eenou ropou. Vy\u0165a\u017een\u00e1 ropa a ropn\u00e9 produkty sa skladovali a prepravovali v dreven\u00fdch sudoch r\u00f4znych ve\u013ekost\u00ed. Postupom \u010dasu v\u0161ak hlavn\u00ed producenti ropy v USA dospeli k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee tento sp\u00f4sob distrib\u00facie a predaja ropy vyvol\u00e1va ned\u00f4veru medzi z\u00e1kazn\u00edkmi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Preto sa v auguste 1866<\/strong> v Titusville v Pensylv\u00e1nii stretli jedni z prv\u00fdch americk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobcov ropy. Dohodli sa, \u017ee barel ropy bude odteraz predstavova\u0165 42 americk\u00fdch gal\u00f3nov<\/strong>. \u010d\u00edm sa neofici\u00e1lne ur\u010duje ve\u013ekos\u0165 bud\u00faceho barelu ropy<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u00fdtate sa, pre\u010do 42 gal\u00f3nov a nie okr\u00fahlych 40 gal\u00f3nov? Nepochybne v tom zohral \u00falohu prepo\u010det americk\u00fdch gal\u00f3nov na britsk\u00e9 gal\u00f3ny a snaha vyhn\u00fa\u0165 sa po\u010d\u00edtaniu s desatinn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslami<\/strong>, ve\u010f sme v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed. 1 americk\u00fd gal\u00f3n = 0,8326738 britsk\u00e9ho gal\u00f3nu. Po zaokr\u00fahlen\u00ed na najbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed gal\u00f3n v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve by sme stratili 0,1673262 gal\u00f3nov v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve. Ak v\u0161ak prepo\u010d\u00edtate 6 americk\u00fdch gal\u00f3nov na britsk\u00e9, dostanete 4,9960428 britsk\u00fdch gal\u00f3nov. To je takmer cel\u00fdch 5 gal\u00f3nov a zaokr\u00fahlen\u00edm pri obchodovan\u00ed str\u00e1came len 0,0039572 gal\u00f3nov, \u010do je ve\u013emi mal\u00e1 odch\u00fdlka.<\/span><\/p>\n

Men\u0161ie sudy v\u0161ak nie s\u00fa ve\u013emi ziskov\u00e9 a s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi sudmi sa \u0165a\u017eko manipuluje. Preto bol n\u00e1vrh na n\u00e1sobok \u0161iestich, t. j. 42 gal\u00f3nov\u00fd barel, pri tomto objeme barelu zaokr\u00fahlen\u00edm vznik\u00e1 pomerne mal\u00e1 odch\u00fdlka 0,0277 britsk\u00e9ho barelu. V roku 1872 preto Asoci\u00e1cia v\u00fdrobcov ropy prijala jednotn\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165 suda s ropou, ktor\u00e1 bola stanoven\u00e1 na 42 americk\u00fdch gal\u00f3nov.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Prechod na metrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m (litre) sa v tom \u010dase e\u0161te nerie\u0161il.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/a>\"barel<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

P\u00f4vod skratky bbl<\/em> pre barel ropy:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Skratka “bl”<\/em>, prv\u00e9 a posledn\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno n\u00e1zvu, sa pou\u017e\u00edva pre sud v anglicky hovoriacich krajin\u00e1ch. Niektor\u00e9 zdroje uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee p\u00edsmeno “b”<\/em> pridala do skratky spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Standard Oil Company. ktor\u00e1 bola prv\u00fdm ropn\u00fdm gigantom v USA a ktor\u00fa v roku 1870 zalo\u017eil John Davison Rockefeller<\/strong>. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvala na skladovanie a prepravu ropy modr\u00e9 sudy, preto sa v n\u00e1zve pou\u017e\u00edva skratka “bbl”<\/em> pre “modr\u00fd sud”<\/em><\/strong>. Ale pre\u010do modr\u00e9 sudy?<\/span><\/p>\n

V lodn\u00fdch denn\u00edkoch je zdokumentovan\u00e9, \u017ee skratka “bbl”<\/em> sa pou\u017e\u00edvala u\u017e pred vznikom ropn\u00e9ho priemyslu v roku 1859. Vr\u00e1\u0165me sa teda do Pechelbronnu v Alsasku, kde sa v roku 1735 za\u010dala prv\u00e1 komer\u010dn\u00e1 \u0165a\u017eba ropy. V tom \u010dase sa na prepravu vy\u0165a\u017een\u00e9ho oleja nepou\u017e\u00edvali sudy po pive alebo v\u00edne, ktor\u00e9 by sa znehodnotili, ale sudy po vy\u010disten\u00fdch sle\u010foch. Solen\u00e9 slede sa v tom \u010dase vo ve\u013ekom mno\u017estve prepravovali do vn\u00fatrozemia, tak\u017ee tieto sudy sa dali lacno k\u00fapi\u0165. Aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo z\u00e1mene a neskor\u0161iemu naplneniu suda s olejom potravinami, bolo dno suda natret\u00e9 na modro.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nesk\u00f4r si tento zvyk osvojili aj tak\u00e9 obrovsk\u00e9 spolo\u010dnosti ako Standard Oil Company. V\u010faka ich monopolu sa skratka bbl z\u013eudovela.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Standard<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Prv\u00fd oce\u013eov\u00fd sud na ropu:<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\"prv\u00fd<\/a>V\u00fdroba p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch vodotesn\u00fdch dreven\u00fdch sudov nebola jednoduch\u00e1 a bola to pr\u00e1ca pre najsk\u00fasenej\u0161\u00edch debn\u00e1rov. Ich v\u00fdroba bola preto pomerne n\u00e1kladn\u00e1. Preto v roku 1902 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Standard Oil Company predstavila oce\u013eov\u00fa verziu 42gal\u00f3nov\u00e9ho suda na olej.<\/strong> Nov\u00fd oce\u013eov\u00fd sud sa vzh\u013eadom podobal sk\u00f4r na svojich dreven\u00fdch predchodcov ne\u017e na dne\u0161n\u00e9 valcovit\u00e9 sudy na olej. Tieto skor\u00e9 oce\u013eov\u00e9 hlavne mali nitovan\u00e9 \u0161vy, ryhovan\u00e9 steny a neboli ve\u013emi tesn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Nellie<\/a>\u010eal\u0161\u00ed pokrok pri\u0161iel v roku 1904, ke\u010f spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Iron Clad Manufacturing Company z\u00edskala patent na rovny sud vylep\u0161eny obru\u010dami<\/strong>. Obru\u010de spev\u0148ovali hlave\u0148 a u\u013eah\u010dovali aj kot\u00fa\u013eanie a manipul\u00e1ciu s \u0165a\u017ekou hlav\u0148ou. T\u00e1to hlave\u0148 sa stala kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fdm vzorom pre dne\u0161n\u00e9 modern\u00e9 hlavne. V\u00fdrobn\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Iron Clad v tom \u010dase viedla \u017eena, \u010do je aj dnes nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9. Elizabeth Jane Cochraneov\u00e1 sa nakoniec stala v\u00fdznamnou priemyseln\u00ed\u010dkou v Amerike 18. storo\u010dia! Pre\u010d\u00edtajte si jej skr\u00e1ten\u00fd pr\u00edbeh.<\/span><\/p>\n

  <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

Nellie Bly<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

lizabeth Jane Cochraneov\u00e1 je ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e1 historick\u00e1 postava. Pod\u013ea vtedy ve\u013emi popul\u00e1rnej piesne si dala meno Nellie Bly. Prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t sa presl\u00e1vila ako prv\u00e1 investigat\u00edvna report\u00e9rka<\/strong> pracuj\u00faca pre samotn\u00e9ho Josepha Pulitzera<\/a> (Pulitzerova cena<\/a>). Jej najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edpadom bola report\u00e1\u017e z psychiatrickej lie\u010debne v New Yorku<\/a>, kde sa dobrovo\u013ene nechala zavrie\u0165, aby informovala o tamoj\u0161\u00edch otrasn\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nasledovala cesta okolo sveta za 80 dn\u00ed<\/strong>, in\u0161pirovan\u00e1 rovnomenn\u00fdm rom\u00e1nom Julesa Verna<\/a>. Na cestu sa vydala 14. novembra 1889, \u0161estn\u00e1s\u0165 rokov po vydan\u00ed rom\u00e1nu. Po\u010das svojej cesty sa vo Franc\u00fazsku stretla so samotn\u00fdm Julesom Vernom. Jej skuto\u010dn\u00e1 cesta dokonca prekonala \u010das hlavn\u00e9ho hrdinu rom\u00e1nu Phileasa Fogga a nakr\u00e1tko sa stala svetov\u00fdm rekordom.<\/span><\/p>\n

V roku 1895 sa Nellie Blyov\u00e1 vydala za milion\u00e1ra a priemyseln\u00edka Roberta Seamana. V \u010dase svadby mala Nellie 31 rokov a Robert 73 rokov! Kv\u00f4li man\u017eelovmu zl\u00e9mu zdravotn\u00e9mu stavu sa Nellie pripojila k vedeniu jeho spolo\u010dnosti Iron Clad Manufacturing Co. T\u00e1to priemyseln\u00e1 firma vyr\u00e1bala oce\u013eov\u00e9 kanvice a in\u00e9 n\u00e1doby. Odtia\u013e u\u017e nebolo \u010faleko k vy\u0161\u0161ie uvedenej kon\u0161trukcii rovnehu barela.<\/strong> Okrem toho Nellie Bly riadila svoju spolo\u010dnos\u0165 nev\u00eddan\u00fdm modern\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom – prepracovan\u00fdm soci\u00e1lnym zabezpe\u010den\u00edm, zdravotn\u00fdmi v\u00fdhodami a rekrea\u010dn\u00fdmi zariadeniami. Jej \u00fastretovos\u0165 sa v\u0161ak nevyplatila a zamestnanci na \u010dele s riadite\u013eom priviedli tov\u00e1re\u0148 do bankrotu.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cena barelu ropy je \u010dasto hlavnou t\u00e9mou spr\u00e1v a jej cena priamo ovplyv\u0148uje cenu benz\u00ednu a nafty. Ale ko\u013eko litrov vlastne obsahuje jeden sud? Pre\u010do barel a \u010do znamen\u00e1 skratka bbl v burzov\u00fdch grafoch?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9969,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"facebook_10217573569066608_119527941460186":"","twitter_308591058_308591058":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"two_page_speed":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,51,678,29],"tags":[1437,1438,1439],"class_list":["post-9911","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene","category-historie-automobilismu","category-pojmy","category-zkratky-a-pojmy","tag-barel","tag-barrel","tag-ropa"],"yoast_head":"\nBarel - autolexicon.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Barel ropy \u010dasto b\u00fdva centr\u00e1lnou t\u00e9mou spr\u00e1v a jeho cena priamo ovplyv\u0148uje cenu benz\u00ednu a nafty. M\u00e1lokto v\u0161ak vie, ko\u013eko litrov vlastne ten barel obsahuje? Pre\u010do pr\u00e1ve barel a \u010do znamen\u00e1 skratka bbl v burzovn\u00fdch grafoch?Barel ropy m\u00e1 \u0161tandardn\u00fd objem 42 americk\u00fdch gal\u00f3nov, \u010do odpoved\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 159 litrom. Tento \u0161tandard bol historicky zaveden\u00fd a st\u00e1le sa be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edva na vyjadrenie objemu ropy.Skratka "bbl" v burzovn\u00fdch grafoch ozna\u010duje jednotku merania ropy a znamen\u00e1 "barrel", teda barel. Ke\u010f sa hovor\u00ed o cene ropy na burz\u00e1ch, zvy\u010dajne sa uv\u00e1dza cena za jeden barel (bbl).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.autolexicon.net\/sk\/articles\/barel\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Barel - autolexicon.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Barel ropy \u010dasto b\u00fdva centr\u00e1lnou t\u00e9mou spr\u00e1v a jeho cena priamo ovplyv\u0148uje cenu benz\u00ednu a nafty. M\u00e1lokto v\u0161ak vie, ko\u013eko litrov vlastne ten barel obsahuje? Pre\u010do pr\u00e1ve barel a \u010do znamen\u00e1 skratka bbl v burzovn\u00fdch grafoch?Barel ropy m\u00e1 \u0161tandardn\u00fd objem 42 americk\u00fdch gal\u00f3nov, \u010do odpoved\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 159 litrom. Tento \u0161tandard bol historicky zaveden\u00fd a st\u00e1le sa be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edva na vyjadrenie objemu ropy.Skratka "bbl" v burzovn\u00fdch grafoch ozna\u010duje jednotku merania ropy a znamen\u00e1 "barrel", teda barel. 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